Typology of Literary Formula
Adventure
The adventure novel is a literary genre that has adventure, an exciting undertaking involving risk and physical danger, as its main theme. Adventure has been a common theme since the earliest days of written fiction (Wikipedia). The central fantasy of the adventure story is that the hero overcoming obstacles and danger and accomplishing some important and moral mission. The focus of this formula is the hero and the natures overcome the obstacles. Two types of this formula is “superhero” (involves the ties of identification between hero and audience) and “Ordinary” (grown up adventure story).
Romance
There is a wide market for the formula which combine adventure, love story, and some exotic background in the pas faraway places. The feminine equivalent of the adventure story is the romance. Usually romance has the female central characteristics but most adventure has male protagonist. The common formula of the Romance is the development of a love rlationship between man and woman. The Cinderella formula is the most well known in romance pattern in which the power of love bring happiness to the poor and common girl. The most popular present today formula is “gothic romance” or “ contemporary gothic”
Mystery
Mystery fiction is a loosely-defined term that is often used as a synonym of detective fiction — in other words a novel or short story in which a detective (either professional or amateur) solves a crime. The term "mystery fiction" may sometimes be limited to the subset of detective stories in which the emphasis is on the puzzle element and its logical solution as a contrast to hardboiled detective stories which focus on action and gritty realism. When the main character is a likable detective, the mystery is suspenseful. However, in more general usage "mystery" may be used to describe any form of crime fiction, even if there is no mystery to be solved. The fundamental principle of the mystery story is the investigation and discovery of hidden secrets. Mystery also involves the isolation clue.
Melodrama
Melodrama is like farce that it has little regard for attention to human values. It can be combine between drama and music but as time went gone the music disappeared. Sometimes it presented with the exagerated humor, unusual thing that happen fast and mysteriously. The type of melodramahas at its center the moral fantasy of showing forth the essential “rightness” of the world order. Some of popular pattern is tragedy and evil, benevolent and right. Although it was suferring of the good shows the hand of God work.
Alien Beings or States
The strangest of formulaic types consists of storis dealing with alien being and sates. The most popular formula is the horror story about the destruction of some monsters. The key characteristics of this type is the representation of some alien being or state and the underlying moral fantasy is our dream that the unknowable can be known and related to in some meaningful fashion. The evoking fear become the entertaining when we understand and also can relate them.
Reference : Cawelti (Adventure, Mystery and Romance: Formula stories as Art and popular Culture)
Thursday, March 19, 2009
The Work of Literature
THE WORK OF LITERATURE
The work of literature is consisting of fiction.
Poetry fiction is "a vague and general term for imaginative work, usually in prose". (Iswalono: 2000: 4). It is divided into two genres namely.
a. Novel is fictitious narrative of talk of considerable length (now usually one longs enough to fill one or more volumes) in which characters and actions representations of the real life of past or present times are portrayed in a plot of more or less complexity.
The kinds of novel are picaresque, epistolary, didactic, satirical, gothic, romance, historical, science, thriller detective and my story, and regional novel.
b. Sort story it's scarcely stores at all but have some revelation of character some thought I some observation as their point
Drama, According to C Russell Reoske is a work of literature of composition which and dialogues between- a. Group of character.
The types of drama are tragedy, comedy, force, melodrama, tragic-comedy, historical plays and fantasy (Iswalono: 2000: 11).
Poetry, might be defined as a kind of language that says more and says it more intensely than does ordinary language. (Perrine: 1974: 553).
LITERARY THEORY
Literary theory is part of a wide spread movement in the culture which has affected a movement which has explored and elucidated the complexities of meaning textuality and interpretation. (Lye: 2002: 1)
"Literary theory offers a variety of methodologies that enable readers to interpret a text from different and often conflicting points of view" (Bressler: 1994: 11). Such theorizing empowers readers to examine their personal world views, to articulate their individual assumptions concerning the nature reality, and to understand how these assumptions directly affect their interpretation and only of a work of art and but also of the definition of literature itself.
It is obvious that literary theory is very important for the readers to understand more the work of literature. Between literature and literary theory complete each other and would be meaningless if the stand by them selves beside that by knowing the literary theory and using the approach makes us wiser in judging the work of literature.
There are three classification of theory "imitative", "expressive" and "affective" (Barnet et al, 1961: 2). The imitative theory believes that art is an imitation of something. Expressive theory tell more that the artist is not an imitation but a man who expresses his feelings and the last affective theory explain that a work of art should be arouse affect of particular emotion. (Barnet et al, 1961: 3)
In using the literary theory we should use one of approach that appropriate either "intrinsic approach" or "extrinsic approach". Intrinsic approach is the internal aspect of literary without consider the outside aspect. It consists of:
1. Structural approach, namely analyze the work of literature by using all aspects in that work namely theme (the central idea), the plot (arrangement of event showing cause and effect), structure (the way the work is organize), setting (time, place) without considering outside aspect try to understand whether these aspects are supporting each other or not.
2. Stylistic approach, namely analyze the work of literature by seeing the style (how the writer write the sentence) whether it will show the relationship or support the theme or not.
3. Linguistic approach, namely language and literature can not be separated and beautify each other.
Contrary with intrinsic approach in understanding the work of literature also use extrinsic approach namely analyze the work not only based on the aspect in that work it self but also related with the reader, the society and also the writer. It's include sociological approach, philosophical approach, psychological approach and feminist approach"
1. Sociological approach (the sociology of literature approach). It will be supported by the sociology of author, sociology of works and sociology of readers. The author, the work be meaning less and can not understand without the participation of the reader (Jaus, 1974: 12).
I an Watt Supardi stated that there are three approach namely the context of the author, the reflection of the society, and social function. (Faruk: 1994: 4).
2. Philosophical approach, it is analyze the work of literature used moral value and aspect of philosophical.
3. Psychological approach, it relates with psychology aspects the attitude, the behavior and the daily life.
WHY LITERATURE IS VERY IMPORTANT?
Literature is very important for our life because it "tells us about man himself and about the ways he communicates (Dutton: 1997: 7) where as moody says that it" brings us back to the realities of human situations, problems, feelings, and relations" (1987:3)
Literature express about the fact and the problem in the society such us adultery, discrimination, social and everything that relate with human life. So the author hope that the life will be better and meaning full and also problem in the society will be Goldman stated that generally work of literary is the expression of world view imaginary. In expressing the world view the author creates the realization in imagination way such us in presenting the characters the plot and all aspect in literature to beautify the work. In expressing the idea the author tell the truth namely literary truth that inexact. They should honest in express their idea because their work will be read by many birds of people in the world.
By learning literature we will get many values such as. By reading the work of literature we will know the way of life and the value of history, culture, philosophy, religion, art, and entertainment. So we will get the life meaningful. And better than ever before and we will think more our life and attitude that should be responsible to our self, other people and our God.
By learning literature we will understand the product of culture, having skill to judge, decide and appreciate the literary work and we can prepare for future whether our personal growth or future career. Besides that we will get source of information of history when the literature was produced we will know the culture, costume and daily activities of the society that reflected in that work. In the other hand we will get more vocabularies, and know that linguistic appearance. The structure of the language of course it will increase our ability in understanding the language that used. At last but not least we will get entertainment and pleasure from that work. So it is not wonder if said that literature is part of our life and has important role in society.
References:
Faruk (1994), Pengantar Sosilogi Sastra, Pustaka Pelajar Yogyakarta.
Pradopo, Rachmat Djoko (1994), Prinsip-Prinsip Kritik Sastra, Gajah Mada, University Press, Yogyakarta.
Elizabeth and Tom Burns (1973), Sociology Literature and Drama, Locet Pritain, 1973.
Tecuw, Sastra & Ilmu Sastra Pengantar Teori Sastra, Pustaka Jaya Bandung.
Bressler Carles E (1999) Literary Criticism an Introduction to Theory and Practice, Prentice Hall.
Pradopo, Rahmat Djoko (1995), Beberapa Teori Sastra Metode Kritik & Penerapannya", Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta.
Suswantoro (2002), Apresiasi Sastra Inggris, Muhammadiyah University Press, Surakarta.
Ratna, Nyoman Kuta (2003), Paradigma Sosiologi Sastra, Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta.
Lye, John (2002), Contemporary Literary Theory,
Iswalono (2002), Hand Book Introduction to Literature, Yogyakarta.
Barnet (1961), An Introduction to Literature fiction, poetry, drama, little, Brownand company, Canada.
The work of literature is consisting of fiction.
Poetry fiction is "a vague and general term for imaginative work, usually in prose". (Iswalono: 2000: 4). It is divided into two genres namely.
a. Novel is fictitious narrative of talk of considerable length (now usually one longs enough to fill one or more volumes) in which characters and actions representations of the real life of past or present times are portrayed in a plot of more or less complexity.
The kinds of novel are picaresque, epistolary, didactic, satirical, gothic, romance, historical, science, thriller detective and my story, and regional novel.
b. Sort story it's scarcely stores at all but have some revelation of character some thought I some observation as their point
Drama, According to C Russell Reoske is a work of literature of composition which and dialogues between- a. Group of character.
The types of drama are tragedy, comedy, force, melodrama, tragic-comedy, historical plays and fantasy (Iswalono: 2000: 11).
Poetry, might be defined as a kind of language that says more and says it more intensely than does ordinary language. (Perrine: 1974: 553).
LITERARY THEORY
Literary theory is part of a wide spread movement in the culture which has affected a movement which has explored and elucidated the complexities of meaning textuality and interpretation. (Lye: 2002: 1)
"Literary theory offers a variety of methodologies that enable readers to interpret a text from different and often conflicting points of view" (Bressler: 1994: 11). Such theorizing empowers readers to examine their personal world views, to articulate their individual assumptions concerning the nature reality, and to understand how these assumptions directly affect their interpretation and only of a work of art and but also of the definition of literature itself.
It is obvious that literary theory is very important for the readers to understand more the work of literature. Between literature and literary theory complete each other and would be meaningless if the stand by them selves beside that by knowing the literary theory and using the approach makes us wiser in judging the work of literature.
There are three classification of theory "imitative", "expressive" and "affective" (Barnet et al, 1961: 2). The imitative theory believes that art is an imitation of something. Expressive theory tell more that the artist is not an imitation but a man who expresses his feelings and the last affective theory explain that a work of art should be arouse affect of particular emotion. (Barnet et al, 1961: 3)
In using the literary theory we should use one of approach that appropriate either "intrinsic approach" or "extrinsic approach". Intrinsic approach is the internal aspect of literary without consider the outside aspect. It consists of:
1. Structural approach, namely analyze the work of literature by using all aspects in that work namely theme (the central idea), the plot (arrangement of event showing cause and effect), structure (the way the work is organize), setting (time, place) without considering outside aspect try to understand whether these aspects are supporting each other or not.
2. Stylistic approach, namely analyze the work of literature by seeing the style (how the writer write the sentence) whether it will show the relationship or support the theme or not.
3. Linguistic approach, namely language and literature can not be separated and beautify each other.
Contrary with intrinsic approach in understanding the work of literature also use extrinsic approach namely analyze the work not only based on the aspect in that work it self but also related with the reader, the society and also the writer. It's include sociological approach, philosophical approach, psychological approach and feminist approach"
1. Sociological approach (the sociology of literature approach). It will be supported by the sociology of author, sociology of works and sociology of readers. The author, the work be meaning less and can not understand without the participation of the reader (Jaus, 1974: 12).
I an Watt Supardi stated that there are three approach namely the context of the author, the reflection of the society, and social function. (Faruk: 1994: 4).
2. Philosophical approach, it is analyze the work of literature used moral value and aspect of philosophical.
3. Psychological approach, it relates with psychology aspects the attitude, the behavior and the daily life.
WHY LITERATURE IS VERY IMPORTANT?
Literature is very important for our life because it "tells us about man himself and about the ways he communicates (Dutton: 1997: 7) where as moody says that it" brings us back to the realities of human situations, problems, feelings, and relations" (1987:3)
Literature express about the fact and the problem in the society such us adultery, discrimination, social and everything that relate with human life. So the author hope that the life will be better and meaning full and also problem in the society will be Goldman stated that generally work of literary is the expression of world view imaginary. In expressing the world view the author creates the realization in imagination way such us in presenting the characters the plot and all aspect in literature to beautify the work. In expressing the idea the author tell the truth namely literary truth that inexact. They should honest in express their idea because their work will be read by many birds of people in the world.
By learning literature we will get many values such as. By reading the work of literature we will know the way of life and the value of history, culture, philosophy, religion, art, and entertainment. So we will get the life meaningful. And better than ever before and we will think more our life and attitude that should be responsible to our self, other people and our God.
By learning literature we will understand the product of culture, having skill to judge, decide and appreciate the literary work and we can prepare for future whether our personal growth or future career. Besides that we will get source of information of history when the literature was produced we will know the culture, costume and daily activities of the society that reflected in that work. In the other hand we will get more vocabularies, and know that linguistic appearance. The structure of the language of course it will increase our ability in understanding the language that used. At last but not least we will get entertainment and pleasure from that work. So it is not wonder if said that literature is part of our life and has important role in society.
References:
Faruk (1994), Pengantar Sosilogi Sastra, Pustaka Pelajar Yogyakarta.
Pradopo, Rachmat Djoko (1994), Prinsip-Prinsip Kritik Sastra, Gajah Mada, University Press, Yogyakarta.
Elizabeth and Tom Burns (1973), Sociology Literature and Drama, Locet Pritain, 1973.
Tecuw, Sastra & Ilmu Sastra Pengantar Teori Sastra, Pustaka Jaya Bandung.
Bressler Carles E (1999) Literary Criticism an Introduction to Theory and Practice, Prentice Hall.
Pradopo, Rahmat Djoko (1995), Beberapa Teori Sastra Metode Kritik & Penerapannya", Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta.
Suswantoro (2002), Apresiasi Sastra Inggris, Muhammadiyah University Press, Surakarta.
Ratna, Nyoman Kuta (2003), Paradigma Sosiologi Sastra, Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta.
Lye, John (2002), Contemporary Literary Theory,
Iswalono (2002), Hand Book Introduction to Literature, Yogyakarta.
Barnet (1961), An Introduction to Literature fiction, poetry, drama, little, Brownand company, Canada.
Saturday, March 14, 2009
American Beginnings: Formating a New Land
American Beginnings: Formating a New Land
a. Self Reliance ( Ralph Waldo Emerson )
In facing the reality we should keep firm on our own heart. The deepest believe will comes true to the real life. We half expresses of ourselves. Nothing can bring peace but ourselves. Nothing can bring peace except our principles.
It is easy to see that the greatest self reliance must work a revolution in all offices and relation of men; in their religion; in their education; in their pursuits; their modes of living; their association; in their property; in their speculative views.
1. In what prayers do men allow themselves! That which they call a holy office is not so much as brave and manly.
2. It is for want of self culture that the superstition of travelling, whose idols are Italy, England, Egypt, retains its fascination for all educated Americans.
3. But the rage of travelling is a symptom of a deeper unsoundness affecting the whole intellectual action.
4. As our Peligion, our education, our Art look abroad, so does our spirit of society.
b. Resistance to Civil Government ( Henry David Thoreau )
As the citizen we should be man first, and subjects afterwards. It is not desirable to cultivate a respect for the law, so much as for the right. All men recognize the right revolution; that is, the right to refuse allegiance to and to resist the government, when its tyranny or its inefficiency are great and unendurable. A wise man will not leave the right to mercy of chance, nor wish it to prevail through the power of the majority. There is but little virtue in the action of masses of men.
In 1847 Thoreau was imprisoned briefly for refusing to pay tax while the government supported a war he considered unjust. His refusal was disobedience to protest government. He was also strongly opposed to slavery.
c. A Disquisition on Government (John C. Calhoun)
Calhoun had two efforts-unflagging defense of slavery and slave holder political interests and the contrivance of a governmental structure that would protect those interest while, if possible, preserving the American union.
d. Abraham Lincoln (Speech at Peoria, Address before the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society, Second Inaugural)
Abraham Lincoln was a political moralist. Lincoln’s egalitarian philosophy was complicated by his commitment to a semi historicist and sometimes mystical conception of democratic union. His concept of mind is that slavery is immoral. Lincoln maneuvered through Congress a bill for reopening the entire Louisiana purchase to slavery and allowing the settlers of Kansas and Nebraska (with “popular sovereignty”) to decide for themselves whether to permit slaveholding in those territories.
Address before the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society Lincoln stated two theories “mud-still” and “free labor”. Mud still theory insist that there is not, of necessity, any such thing as the free hired laborer being fixed to that condition for life.
a. Self Reliance ( Ralph Waldo Emerson )
In facing the reality we should keep firm on our own heart. The deepest believe will comes true to the real life. We half expresses of ourselves. Nothing can bring peace but ourselves. Nothing can bring peace except our principles.
It is easy to see that the greatest self reliance must work a revolution in all offices and relation of men; in their religion; in their education; in their pursuits; their modes of living; their association; in their property; in their speculative views.
1. In what prayers do men allow themselves! That which they call a holy office is not so much as brave and manly.
2. It is for want of self culture that the superstition of travelling, whose idols are Italy, England, Egypt, retains its fascination for all educated Americans.
3. But the rage of travelling is a symptom of a deeper unsoundness affecting the whole intellectual action.
4. As our Peligion, our education, our Art look abroad, so does our spirit of society.
b. Resistance to Civil Government ( Henry David Thoreau )
As the citizen we should be man first, and subjects afterwards. It is not desirable to cultivate a respect for the law, so much as for the right. All men recognize the right revolution; that is, the right to refuse allegiance to and to resist the government, when its tyranny or its inefficiency are great and unendurable. A wise man will not leave the right to mercy of chance, nor wish it to prevail through the power of the majority. There is but little virtue in the action of masses of men.
In 1847 Thoreau was imprisoned briefly for refusing to pay tax while the government supported a war he considered unjust. His refusal was disobedience to protest government. He was also strongly opposed to slavery.
c. A Disquisition on Government (John C. Calhoun)
Calhoun had two efforts-unflagging defense of slavery and slave holder political interests and the contrivance of a governmental structure that would protect those interest while, if possible, preserving the American union.
d. Abraham Lincoln (Speech at Peoria, Address before the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society, Second Inaugural)
Abraham Lincoln was a political moralist. Lincoln’s egalitarian philosophy was complicated by his commitment to a semi historicist and sometimes mystical conception of democratic union. His concept of mind is that slavery is immoral. Lincoln maneuvered through Congress a bill for reopening the entire Louisiana purchase to slavery and allowing the settlers of Kansas and Nebraska (with “popular sovereignty”) to decide for themselves whether to permit slaveholding in those territories.
Address before the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society Lincoln stated two theories “mud-still” and “free labor”. Mud still theory insist that there is not, of necessity, any such thing as the free hired laborer being fixed to that condition for life.
Wednesday, March 11, 2009
Religion In America
RELIGION IN AMERICA
A. SUMMARY
1. The Career of Pluralism in America
From the early fourth century onward the Christian faith had been established by law through out the roman empire or the whole known world. It was naturally and socially impossible not to be Christian on Christian soil. The single exception, the Jews, lived existence, set apart from the society at large. That There are several maps that show the group of religion and the character of American pluralism of religion. They are: Baptist, Christian church (disciples of Christ) and the Christian churches and church of Christ, Episcopalians, Lutherans, Methodist, Presbyterians, roman Catholics, United church of Christ, Adventist, Mennonites, Moravians, Pentecostal churches, and reformed churches.
2. Interpreting America Pluralism
Americans like to speak of their religious statement as one of pluralism, marked by tolerance pluralism is a rather recently applied term, necessitated by presence of hundreds of competing religious groups and the freedom of citizens to have no religion at all.
3. The Elephant In the Dark ( Albanese)
There is a story that both Buddhists and some Muslims claim as their own and like to use a teaching device. It is about an elephant and a group of blind men who had never before encountered one.
B. ANALYSIS
The Religion in America is pluralism. Christian is the major religion in America, almost 60 percent from the citizen . As the early religion that is developed there in further time, it is divided into two Catholic and protestant. Both of the believe spread based on their teaching, free spirited and independence. The pluralism or religion there teach them to honor and respect each other. They are all free to pursue their own religion, to be religious or not to be religious in a particular way, they are expected to tolerance others. Each religion teach the moral value for human life. Although the believe is different but all of religion teaching something good. The good deed, behavior, and also attitude that can make the human being live in peace. By the time of independence, people became aware of religious diversity on an intercolonial basis. Beside Christian, Jew and Hindu also available religion in America in the middle of nineteen century. Another religion that comes later is Islam. African brought Islam and the remembered beliefs and practices of many smaller ethnic religious. In America although there are several religions but in fact they still debated what kinds of religion placed first. Their debate and worry like an elephant in the dark. Finally I can take conclusion that there are two kinds of religion boundaries in America. They are: ordinary and extraordinary religion. Both of them concerned in different kinds namely ordinary deals with social relationship tends to culture, while extraordinary deals with spiritual aspects.
C. QUESTION
• How strong the believe ordinary and extraordinary colored American life especially in the plural society.
• If a conflict happened between the chief or leader of a certain believe is there a wise solution from the government?
A. SUMMARY
1. The Career of Pluralism in America
From the early fourth century onward the Christian faith had been established by law through out the roman empire or the whole known world. It was naturally and socially impossible not to be Christian on Christian soil. The single exception, the Jews, lived existence, set apart from the society at large. That There are several maps that show the group of religion and the character of American pluralism of religion. They are: Baptist, Christian church (disciples of Christ) and the Christian churches and church of Christ, Episcopalians, Lutherans, Methodist, Presbyterians, roman Catholics, United church of Christ, Adventist, Mennonites, Moravians, Pentecostal churches, and reformed churches.
2. Interpreting America Pluralism
Americans like to speak of their religious statement as one of pluralism, marked by tolerance pluralism is a rather recently applied term, necessitated by presence of hundreds of competing religious groups and the freedom of citizens to have no religion at all.
3. The Elephant In the Dark ( Albanese)
There is a story that both Buddhists and some Muslims claim as their own and like to use a teaching device. It is about an elephant and a group of blind men who had never before encountered one.
B. ANALYSIS
The Religion in America is pluralism. Christian is the major religion in America, almost 60 percent from the citizen . As the early religion that is developed there in further time, it is divided into two Catholic and protestant. Both of the believe spread based on their teaching, free spirited and independence. The pluralism or religion there teach them to honor and respect each other. They are all free to pursue their own religion, to be religious or not to be religious in a particular way, they are expected to tolerance others. Each religion teach the moral value for human life. Although the believe is different but all of religion teaching something good. The good deed, behavior, and also attitude that can make the human being live in peace. By the time of independence, people became aware of religious diversity on an intercolonial basis. Beside Christian, Jew and Hindu also available religion in America in the middle of nineteen century. Another religion that comes later is Islam. African brought Islam and the remembered beliefs and practices of many smaller ethnic religious. In America although there are several religions but in fact they still debated what kinds of religion placed first. Their debate and worry like an elephant in the dark. Finally I can take conclusion that there are two kinds of religion boundaries in America. They are: ordinary and extraordinary religion. Both of them concerned in different kinds namely ordinary deals with social relationship tends to culture, while extraordinary deals with spiritual aspects.
C. QUESTION
• How strong the believe ordinary and extraordinary colored American life especially in the plural society.
• If a conflict happened between the chief or leader of a certain believe is there a wise solution from the government?
Monday, March 9, 2009
THE ETERNITY OF DEATH IN THEODORE ROETHKE’S “THE WAKING”
By: Theodore Roethke
I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow.
I feel my fate in what I cannot fear.
I learn by going where I have to go.
We think by feeling. What is there to know?
I hear my being dance from ear to ear.
I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow.
Of those so close beside me, which are you?
God bless the ground! I shall walk softly there,
And learn by going where I have to go.
Light takes the tree; but who can tell us how?
The lowly worm climbs up a winding stair;
I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow.
Great Nature has another thing to do
To you and me; so take the lively air,
And, lovely, learn by going where to go.
This shaking keeps me steady. I should know.
What falls away is always. And is near.
I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow.
I learn by going where I have to go.
A. INTRODUCTION
The waking by Theodore Roethke consists optimism feeling strongly appears in this line for instance having a certain purpose of life by enjoying with feeling of fate. Besides, this poem teach us how mortal is life and the immortal of the death.
B. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE AUTHOR
Roethke was born in Saginaw, Michigan, on May 25, 1908. Much of his childhood was spent in and around the greenhouse owned jointly by his father and his uncle. It is not surprising, then, that his poetry shows a familiarity with and knowledge of growing things and a reverence for life in all forms, large and small. Theodore Roethke wrote of his poetry: The greenhouse "is my symbol for the whole of life, a womb, a heaven-on-earth." Roethke drew inspiration from his childhood experiences of working in his family's Saginaw floral company. Beginning is 1941 with Open House, the distinguished poet and teacher published extensively, receiving a Pulitzer Prize for poetry and two National Book Awards among an array of honors. “The Waking” is the final poem in the collection The Waking (1953), for which Theodore Roethke received the Pulitzer Prize in poetry in 1954. Two key lines that contain the theme of the poem are repeated alternately at the end of each stanza and then again together in the last stanza. The title suggests. In 1959 Pennsylvania University awarded him the prestigious Bollingen Prize. Roethke taught at Michigan State College, (present-day Michigan State University) and at colleges in Pennsylvania and Vermont, before joining the faculty of the University of Washington at Seattle in 1947. Roethke died in Washington in 1963.
C. THE ETERNITY OF DEATH IN THEODORE ROETHKE’S “THE WAKING”
The waking tells us about the life that is symbolize by “waking” from the first stanza we know that we born, we life in this world to face the death namely “sleep”. After us “wake” (born) in this world we should be careful and do not careless in waking decision. We should not fear to the fate because fate has determined by God to us. But we should try and seriously endeavor to search the right way. Whatever will be we should do good things because everything well be judged and we have to be responsibility to our deed.
The second stanza tells us me should think first before doing something. We should use our thinking in understanding the symbol of life. We should consider our activities in this life whether air activities are good or not. We always account our “dance” (our speech, attitude, behavior, and feeling) from ear to ear namely day by day either past or future we should be careful cause we weak to sleep. We should introspect to ourselves. We need think more about our happiness and do not forget our God when we feel happy.
The third stanza tells us all our activities so close whit us. Because used to mange our activities. Our train our thinking and everything we should think twice about our deeds because God has created the ground for us. Those obligate to use everything in this world in appropriate way. Besides that we should learn and do what we should do to get a better life with we break the rule of God about goodness, truth, justice and so on.
The forth Stanza sell us God crated the beautiful of creation like tree, worm and everything in this world either animate or unanimated. All of creation has it own special function to complete each other but no one can think about the supreme substance of God. None of the creation perfects. We can learn from worm than can climbs up a winding stair it means although small thing can participate in this world to beautify the life. So we should more wise and careful in taking the future of life.
The fifth stanza tell us move about the great creation of God. The beautiful nature should be used to fulfill the daily needs of human being. We should thanks to God who as gives us opportunity to life in this world. Only by his blessing we can enjoy the world take a breath as much as possible without paying, use available creation (world) as we want by using the science and knowledge. But we should aware that in using the facilities we must use as the appropriate usage without hurting the creation and waste the time and also.
The sixth stanza tell us more about the beautifully life “this shaking keeps me steady”. Everything that happened to us makes us better than ever before. It’s mean everything what we do in this life for the sake of the future life “here after” because death is unpredictable and we can die every time and every where when God determined. From those explanations we know that death coming “I learn by going where I have to go”. I try to do the activities according for the rule that I should obey goodness, truth and purposes to the God Blessing. So we are never afraid of death.
Roethke’s “The Waking” express the eternity of death. It seems from the first stanza “I wake to sleep” this paradox shows us that bow short life is. To sleep is to acquire the vision that releases us from the involvement of our intellect and helps us drift into the acceptance of our fate. It should be wake to do a certain activities but here –the speaker- really understand that life is mortal and will ended sometimes. The contrast between “wake” and “sleep” namely how strong the power of death that brings to eternity while the life is limited time to do, to think and to feel about world. Life is a long process to face the death. The repetition of these lines gradually unfolds the meaning of the poem. The lines weave in and out through this short poem like an incantation. We follow the movement of waking and going, waking and going, until we feel like a leaf caught in the current of the lines and the words. The life also a repetition action when we do the daily activities we do the routine action until we expert in doing something. Life is such a process to understand the meaning of life that is actually really mortal while death will come to us as we do in this world.
The speaker begins by contrasting the “fear” and with “fate” namely that fate is unavoidable. This effect leads us from one verse to the next in a kind of endless movement that suggests the perpetual cycle from birth to death. It is hard to imagine another form that would express this cyclical movement more effectively than the villanelle. “I feel my fate in what I can not fear”. Normally, we fear fate because it is unknown, because it cannot be felt or anticipated. By feeling fate rather than fearing it, you accept it rather than resist it. How short life is when the fate comes to pick up the death we should be ready because we life do die, to prepare everything for the eternity and not gives up in our life although how short life is. Optimism of life and survive should be exist no matter what will happen. Feeling the fate means that understanding the journey of the life and enjoying every single situation with a great desire to improve and to find the real meaning inside.
To prove that the life is mortal and death is eternity –the speaker- used the world, “I wake sleep, take my waking slow, walk softly, learn by doing, shaking keeps me steady and also “what falls away is always. And is near” (last stanza, line 2). This sentence is very important because known the life is short we should carefully in enjoying and passing the life by walk softly (careful and not in hurry in deeding a problem). Thinking wisely in every decision and action that passes day by day will grasp the better effect of life. It is continuing by learn by going (try to understand and strengthen the purpose of life by going to the eternity of death). The event that coming continuously like a problem that comes to the people like the raining that comes without prediction and invitation teach people to be wiser and strengthen every steps that the people take.
As another strengthen the purpose of life, the eternity of death is “lights takes the tree” but who can tell us how”. When the death is comes who can run away? No one can refuse death and no one can understand why the life is ended because the fate comes to pick up the mortal to the immortal one to be responsible everything that is done in mortal period.
“Stressing although life is limited but it’s full of beauty creation of God available to complete the activity in daily life although time is interknit should be used in a good account and enjoy it as good as possible it is reflected with” Great nature has another thing to do … so take the lively air, And Lovely…”, it means although God will ask the responsibility but the provide the world to explore and to do a certain activity that makes people can survive and find happiness.
Optimism of life also reflected in this poem. “This shaking keeps me steady” (last stanza Line 1). What’s happened in this life is to test how strong we are success and failure comes and goes. But although we fall away it should have a hidden meaning and a certain advantage for the future since we can use it as a bridge to the brilliant result and sometimes we can say “blessing in disguise” toward perfect people.
The shaking keeps me steady” this paradox show us that by getting “shaking”, test, difficulties and also problem leads people to be stronger than ever before not gives up and falls away because everything and every silver has its lining.
“The carefulness of life and doing the activity to support that death is eternity, “I take my waking show”, it means the good purpose of life namely death and reaching happiness eternity makes the speaker wise in making decision by thinking the result and the effect of working. It is also strengthen by “I learn by going where I have to go”. I should understand to try to do the activities as good as possible by doing the best as the speaker can in the rule of God and in the way of God.
“Learning where to go” is a good consul a good advice to do everything in appropriate way. To be the right man on the right way is the writer hope. Learn to do the good deeds avoiding something that useful and in vain for the life even some artificial purpose to get moment happiness by sacrifice the real happiness the eternity happiness.
The whole sentences of poem tends to express ho strong death is and how eternity death is. It seem whether short or long life is, life will ends when death comes so whatever will be although life is limited we should be use this life by the best way as we can and we should prepare for the real happiness namely ready to welcome death whenever it comes because the death is eternity of life.
D. CONCLUSION
When a poem takes dead aim on the eternal we should not be surprised that it draws many interpretations. Paradox that used in “The Waking” to raise the curiosity of the reader because the language that used will be challenging. “The Waking told us that we should face the life carefully not in hurry in making decision and being wise facing the life because how long life is actually very short. It is different from the death although its coming is mysterious but it is eternal. The eternal of death demand us to do good things for the sake of happiness in the hereafter. The Poem really strengthen the important of good deeds in this life in order getting happiness after the death.
The others message of the poems are:
- Life is a very short time if compared to the death. It has the process that never predicted from the birth, child, teenager, adult and death will comes to each person based on the determination of the God.
- Life can not be predicted life only can understand by feeling and passing the life itself without fear.
- We should prepare for life as good as possible cause death can not avoided by everyone so we have to make a certain purpose of our life to support every activity.
- Every one should be responsible all of the deeds because every activity will judge in the day judgment.
Saturday, March 7, 2009
Native American
NATIVE AMERICAN
Premonition and Prophecies
Native American had developed some three hundred distinct cultures and spoke over two hundred different languages. North America was well discovered by the time Columbus and his kind set foot on its shores. Actually Columbus not the first European arrive. In fact, some scholars suggest that the first non – Indians came from Asia there are Buddhist texts that tell of five beggar priests who sailed from China in A. D 458. The first contact as the initial encounters between Native American and the white are termed by anthropologist, occurred at different time and places. Generally the more eastern and southern the locale, the earlier was the first contact.
Indian society was the eve of what was to be the most catastrophic confrontation in its history. The Wasco Indians of Oregon have a prophecy story in which a wise old man dreams of strangers with hair on their faces coming from the direction of the rising sun. When he awaken, he gives this advice to his fellow tribesmen: “ You people must be careful”
1. He will use any means to get what he wants
It is known that white man is an intelligent person, an inventor of many words, a man who knows to influence people because of his sweet way of talking and that he will use many of these things upon us when he comes.
2. White Rabbit got lotsa everything
White Rabbits- white people- gonta devour the grass, seed and living.
3. Visitors from heaven
One time, about two hundred years ago, in a place called Fort Hope, Ontario, there was a settlement of Ojibway Indians where there was a medicine man who brought visitors from heaven to a huge wigwam shaped like a beaver house.
4. Thunder’s dream comes true
Thunder was born in the vicinity of Montreal where the great spirit first placed the Sauk Nation, and inspired him with a belief that, at the end of four years, he should see a white man, who would be to him a father. Finally he met the white man and told him that white man was the son of the King of France.
5. Easy life of the gray eyed
The prophecy said that when the native American met the Gray eyes they begin to eat iron stick, the tones will grow louder even to the parents, disobedient. Then they will mix with these gray eyed people and they will learn their ways, break up homes, murder and steal.
6. The spider web
Drinks Water dreamed that the four leggeds were going back into the earth and that the strange race had woven a spider’s web all around the Lakotas and he Said” when this happens, you shall live in square gray houses, in a barren land, and beside those square gray houses you shall starve”. Sometimes dreams are wiser than waking.
Face to face
On Friday, October 12, 1942, when Christopher Columbus and his men hauled their armed landing boat up on the island in the Bahamas to which he gave the name San Salvador, the local Taino Indian were awestruck. Two years later he shipped off live hundred West Indian natives as slaves nearly all of them died of disease. Thus began the wholesale enslavement of the Island Indian by Spain, which virtually annihilated the native peoples of the Caribbean.
The explorers, treasure hunters, traders, missionaries, trappers, soldiers, and colonists who followed in the wake of Columbus represented a number of separate cultures. Each brought to the new world their own national characteristics and particular interests.
Stories based on face to face encounters became part of tribal folklore. It is interesting how many of the selections that follow underscore the cultural conflicts that have plagued Indian-white relations down to the present day.
1. Their wondrous works and ways
Born with the Indian name “The Pitiful Last” but later called “The Winner”, Eastman did not see white person until he was sixteen. He then became one of a stream of Indians who since the eighteen century had attended Dartmouth college.
Wacan is the mysterious race whose power bordered upon the supernatural. They had made a “fireboat” that united two element which cannot exist together. They made some of their people servant, slaves. And now the slaves have children born to them of the same color. The white had desire to possess the whole world.
2. Before they got thick
Some of white wanted to kill the black but others wanted to be brothers with them and let them alone. The Lipan gave the black some pumpkin seed and the seed corn and the way to use them. They started a new life. They were getting along very well. After that, they began to get thick.
3. Silmoodawa gives a complete performance.
Silmoodawa shot animal with a bow, bled him, skinned and dressed him, slice up the meat, and spread it out on flakes to dry, he then cooked a portion and ate it.
4. A different kind of man
Lone white Man lived among Native for many years, but never married.
5. I hid myself and watched
Pretty Shield told the people “I Had never seen a white man before. I ran away home and told the people I had seen something out there coming toward the sheep. It looked like a man, I said, but had wool all over its face. I thought the whiskers were wool, and I wasn’t sure it was a man.
B. ANALYSIS
Native American, like human societies everywhere had developed cultures and spoke different languages and bands so small as “tribelets” shows that they can live in different style and can accept the different thought of human being. They keep help hand in hand to keep their generation. It also as a sign that they also comes from different places and they want to build the new world based on their own characteristics and particular interest.
They strongly believed about myth, premonition and prophecies. One of the prophecies believed that it will come different people namely white. In accepting the different tribe, the white, they feel strange and amazed of them. They thought that the coming of white race would crowd out the red men. They anticipate of their coming with some believe:
The white will use any ways to get what they want
They white will got lot of everything
The white is the noble person that comes from heaven
The white will trapped them
Native American also learn how to plant the pumpkin and corn that they can harvest them. After knowing how to plant they start a new life. In the reality Native is not as bad as what we have thought they also learn and some of them studied at college. It was a proof that Native also educated person that can build the civilization.
Native also can live with the white and they did not kill each other. Although some of them became slaves but some of the slaves tries to get freedom. On the other hand some native dream that they will meet the white as their parents. So they will get a better life as the white.
Native American had developed some three hundred distinct cultures and spoke over two hundred different languages. North America was well discovered by the time Columbus and his kind set foot on its shores. Actually Columbus not the first European arrive. In fact, some scholars suggest that the first non – Indians came from Asia there are Buddhist texts that tell of five beggar priests who sailed from China in A. D 458. The first contact as the initial encounters between Native American and the white are termed by anthropologist, occurred at different time and places. Generally the more eastern and southern the locale, the earlier was the first contact.
Indian society was the eve of what was to be the most catastrophic confrontation in its history. The Wasco Indians of Oregon have a prophecy story in which a wise old man dreams of strangers with hair on their faces coming from the direction of the rising sun. When he awaken, he gives this advice to his fellow tribesmen: “ You people must be careful”
1. He will use any means to get what he wants
It is known that white man is an intelligent person, an inventor of many words, a man who knows to influence people because of his sweet way of talking and that he will use many of these things upon us when he comes.
2. White Rabbit got lotsa everything
White Rabbits- white people- gonta devour the grass, seed and living.
3. Visitors from heaven
One time, about two hundred years ago, in a place called Fort Hope, Ontario, there was a settlement of Ojibway Indians where there was a medicine man who brought visitors from heaven to a huge wigwam shaped like a beaver house.
4. Thunder’s dream comes true
Thunder was born in the vicinity of Montreal where the great spirit first placed the Sauk Nation, and inspired him with a belief that, at the end of four years, he should see a white man, who would be to him a father. Finally he met the white man and told him that white man was the son of the King of France.
5. Easy life of the gray eyed
The prophecy said that when the native American met the Gray eyes they begin to eat iron stick, the tones will grow louder even to the parents, disobedient. Then they will mix with these gray eyed people and they will learn their ways, break up homes, murder and steal.
6. The spider web
Drinks Water dreamed that the four leggeds were going back into the earth and that the strange race had woven a spider’s web all around the Lakotas and he Said” when this happens, you shall live in square gray houses, in a barren land, and beside those square gray houses you shall starve”. Sometimes dreams are wiser than waking.
Face to face
On Friday, October 12, 1942, when Christopher Columbus and his men hauled their armed landing boat up on the island in the Bahamas to which he gave the name San Salvador, the local Taino Indian were awestruck. Two years later he shipped off live hundred West Indian natives as slaves nearly all of them died of disease. Thus began the wholesale enslavement of the Island Indian by Spain, which virtually annihilated the native peoples of the Caribbean.
The explorers, treasure hunters, traders, missionaries, trappers, soldiers, and colonists who followed in the wake of Columbus represented a number of separate cultures. Each brought to the new world their own national characteristics and particular interests.
Stories based on face to face encounters became part of tribal folklore. It is interesting how many of the selections that follow underscore the cultural conflicts that have plagued Indian-white relations down to the present day.
1. Their wondrous works and ways
Born with the Indian name “The Pitiful Last” but later called “The Winner”, Eastman did not see white person until he was sixteen. He then became one of a stream of Indians who since the eighteen century had attended Dartmouth college.
Wacan is the mysterious race whose power bordered upon the supernatural. They had made a “fireboat” that united two element which cannot exist together. They made some of their people servant, slaves. And now the slaves have children born to them of the same color. The white had desire to possess the whole world.
2. Before they got thick
Some of white wanted to kill the black but others wanted to be brothers with them and let them alone. The Lipan gave the black some pumpkin seed and the seed corn and the way to use them. They started a new life. They were getting along very well. After that, they began to get thick.
3. Silmoodawa gives a complete performance.
Silmoodawa shot animal with a bow, bled him, skinned and dressed him, slice up the meat, and spread it out on flakes to dry, he then cooked a portion and ate it.
4. A different kind of man
Lone white Man lived among Native for many years, but never married.
5. I hid myself and watched
Pretty Shield told the people “I Had never seen a white man before. I ran away home and told the people I had seen something out there coming toward the sheep. It looked like a man, I said, but had wool all over its face. I thought the whiskers were wool, and I wasn’t sure it was a man.
B. ANALYSIS
Native American, like human societies everywhere had developed cultures and spoke different languages and bands so small as “tribelets” shows that they can live in different style and can accept the different thought of human being. They keep help hand in hand to keep their generation. It also as a sign that they also comes from different places and they want to build the new world based on their own characteristics and particular interest.
They strongly believed about myth, premonition and prophecies. One of the prophecies believed that it will come different people namely white. In accepting the different tribe, the white, they feel strange and amazed of them. They thought that the coming of white race would crowd out the red men. They anticipate of their coming with some believe:
The white will use any ways to get what they want
They white will got lot of everything
The white is the noble person that comes from heaven
The white will trapped them
Native American also learn how to plant the pumpkin and corn that they can harvest them. After knowing how to plant they start a new life. In the reality Native is not as bad as what we have thought they also learn and some of them studied at college. It was a proof that Native also educated person that can build the civilization.
Native also can live with the white and they did not kill each other. Although some of them became slaves but some of the slaves tries to get freedom. On the other hand some native dream that they will meet the white as their parents. So they will get a better life as the white.
Separating From Britain
Separating From Britain: The Declaration Of Independence: Enlightenment and the American Intellectual Tradition
a. Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography (1784-88)
Benjamin Franklin was American printer and publisher, businessman, statesman, man of letters, journalist, author, inventor and scientist, and diplomat. He was the American Enlightenment. His struggle of life influenced American people. Since he was young he likes much reading the books. He makes time for reading an hour or two each day. His thinking shows that by reading everything the people will get much advantage and also find the brilliant thought in daily life. It will shape the people thinking in seeing and judging the problems based on their experience. In religious aspect he argue that people could not miss of having some morality: Keeping holy the Sabbath Day, Being diligent in reading Holy Scriptures, Attending duly the public worship, Partaking of the Sacrament, and paying a due respect to God’s minister.
Benjamin Franklin use his time wisely. He do not want lost his time in vain. In order to manage his time well, he makes a schedule from his waking until his time of sleeping. He really spend the time in to good account. He evaluate his daily activities by checking the draft of doing a good deeds. He can control his daily life and also make improvement toward the next days. His ambition of habits are: temperance, silence, order, resolution, frugality, industry, sincerity, justice, moderation, cleanliness, tranquility, chastity, and humility.
Based on the reality above, Benjamin Franklin really endeavor to make his life in a high quality. He believes that when the human being life in a peace and doing the good deeds consequently will please in meeting with the God.
b. John Adams, A Dissertation on The Canon and the Feudal Law (1765)
Two great causes of the ruin of mankind are ignorance and inconsideration. By this quotation John Adams start thinking about the Feudal Law. Because man has certainly an exalted soul, man should be treated well. Rights of human being cannot be replaced with anything. The people should get the proper right based on their rights created justice. The two greatest of tyranny are Canon and Feudal Law. The great desire will lead into so much good and so much evil is in vice versa. The most important thing is the liberty of universal where everything is run as it should be. When the people get the freedom they would like to live in peace without intimidation and fear since fear can be the source of human suffering. They could open the heaven as prepared God for anyone who do the did in the right tract. Therefore I conclude that by seeing the fact, John Adams idea tends to shows that the Revolution of the government was in the minds and hearts of the people, a change in their religious sentiments of their duties and obligations.
a. Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography (1784-88)
Benjamin Franklin was American printer and publisher, businessman, statesman, man of letters, journalist, author, inventor and scientist, and diplomat. He was the American Enlightenment. His struggle of life influenced American people. Since he was young he likes much reading the books. He makes time for reading an hour or two each day. His thinking shows that by reading everything the people will get much advantage and also find the brilliant thought in daily life. It will shape the people thinking in seeing and judging the problems based on their experience. In religious aspect he argue that people could not miss of having some morality: Keeping holy the Sabbath Day, Being diligent in reading Holy Scriptures, Attending duly the public worship, Partaking of the Sacrament, and paying a due respect to God’s minister.
Benjamin Franklin use his time wisely. He do not want lost his time in vain. In order to manage his time well, he makes a schedule from his waking until his time of sleeping. He really spend the time in to good account. He evaluate his daily activities by checking the draft of doing a good deeds. He can control his daily life and also make improvement toward the next days. His ambition of habits are: temperance, silence, order, resolution, frugality, industry, sincerity, justice, moderation, cleanliness, tranquility, chastity, and humility.
Based on the reality above, Benjamin Franklin really endeavor to make his life in a high quality. He believes that when the human being life in a peace and doing the good deeds consequently will please in meeting with the God.
b. John Adams, A Dissertation on The Canon and the Feudal Law (1765)
Two great causes of the ruin of mankind are ignorance and inconsideration. By this quotation John Adams start thinking about the Feudal Law. Because man has certainly an exalted soul, man should be treated well. Rights of human being cannot be replaced with anything. The people should get the proper right based on their rights created justice. The two greatest of tyranny are Canon and Feudal Law. The great desire will lead into so much good and so much evil is in vice versa. The most important thing is the liberty of universal where everything is run as it should be. When the people get the freedom they would like to live in peace without intimidation and fear since fear can be the source of human suffering. They could open the heaven as prepared God for anyone who do the did in the right tract. Therefore I conclude that by seeing the fact, John Adams idea tends to shows that the Revolution of the government was in the minds and hearts of the people, a change in their religious sentiments of their duties and obligations.
World War 1
WORLD WAR I
Wilson's most passionate desire, aside from avoiding belligerency, was to end the war through his personal mediation. He sent Colonel House to Europe in early 1915 to explore the possibilities of peace and again early in 1916 to press for a plan of Anglo-American cooperation for peace. The British refused to cooperate, and the president, more than ever eager to avoid a final confrontation with Germany on the submarine issue, decided to press forward with independent mediation. He was by this time also angered by the intensification of British blockade practices and convinced that both sides were fighting for world domination and spoils. On Dec. 18, 1916, Wilson asked the belligerents to state the terms upon which they would be willing to make peace.
The Social Change 1920s
The Red Scare was over within a year, but a general distrust of foreigners, liberal reform movements, and organized labor remained throughout the 1920s. In fact, many viewed Harding's landslide victory in 1920 as repudiation of Wilson's internationalism and of the reforms of the Progressive era.
The new social change women work out side because of social and economic independence. The women emancipated demand the equality in all aspect to men. Talking about sex is more open. Leisure activities became more important, professional sports boomed, and the rapid growth of tabloid newspapers, magazines, movies, and radios enabled millions to share in the exciting world of speakeasies, flappers, and jazz music, even if only vicariously.
The Great Depression
Industrial production soon followed the stock market, giving rise to the worst unemployment the country had ever seen. By 1933, at least a quarter of the work force was unemployed. Adjusted for deflation, salaries had fallen by 40 percent and industrial wages by 60 percent.
The causes of the Great Depression were many and various. Agriculture had collapsed in 1919. It was a continuing source of weakness. Because of poor regulatory policies, many banks were overextended. Wages had not kept up with profits, and by the late 1920s, consumers were reaching the limits of their ability to borrow and spend. Production had already begun to decline and unemployment to rise before the crash. The crash, which was inevitable since stock prices were much in excess of real value, greatly accelerated every bad tendency, destroying the confidence of investors and consumers alike.
The New Deal and Reform
Roosevelt took office amid a terrifying bank crisis that had forced many states to suspend banking activities. He acted quickly to restore public confidence. On Inaugural Day, March 4, 1933, he declared, “the only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” The next day he halted trading in gold and declared a national “bank holiday. The new deal also cavers the agricultural recovery, and business recovery. Its also brings the new deal in neutralize supreme court that they make social security act and revising constitutional law concerning government regulation law.
Wilson's most passionate desire, aside from avoiding belligerency, was to end the war through his personal mediation. He sent Colonel House to Europe in early 1915 to explore the possibilities of peace and again early in 1916 to press for a plan of Anglo-American cooperation for peace. The British refused to cooperate, and the president, more than ever eager to avoid a final confrontation with Germany on the submarine issue, decided to press forward with independent mediation. He was by this time also angered by the intensification of British blockade practices and convinced that both sides were fighting for world domination and spoils. On Dec. 18, 1916, Wilson asked the belligerents to state the terms upon which they would be willing to make peace.
The Social Change 1920s
The Red Scare was over within a year, but a general distrust of foreigners, liberal reform movements, and organized labor remained throughout the 1920s. In fact, many viewed Harding's landslide victory in 1920 as repudiation of Wilson's internationalism and of the reforms of the Progressive era.
The new social change women work out side because of social and economic independence. The women emancipated demand the equality in all aspect to men. Talking about sex is more open. Leisure activities became more important, professional sports boomed, and the rapid growth of tabloid newspapers, magazines, movies, and radios enabled millions to share in the exciting world of speakeasies, flappers, and jazz music, even if only vicariously.
The Great Depression
Industrial production soon followed the stock market, giving rise to the worst unemployment the country had ever seen. By 1933, at least a quarter of the work force was unemployed. Adjusted for deflation, salaries had fallen by 40 percent and industrial wages by 60 percent.
The causes of the Great Depression were many and various. Agriculture had collapsed in 1919. It was a continuing source of weakness. Because of poor regulatory policies, many banks were overextended. Wages had not kept up with profits, and by the late 1920s, consumers were reaching the limits of their ability to borrow and spend. Production had already begun to decline and unemployment to rise before the crash. The crash, which was inevitable since stock prices were much in excess of real value, greatly accelerated every bad tendency, destroying the confidence of investors and consumers alike.
The New Deal and Reform
Roosevelt took office amid a terrifying bank crisis that had forced many states to suspend banking activities. He acted quickly to restore public confidence. On Inaugural Day, March 4, 1933, he declared, “the only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” The next day he halted trading in gold and declared a national “bank holiday. The new deal also cavers the agricultural recovery, and business recovery. Its also brings the new deal in neutralize supreme court that they make social security act and revising constitutional law concerning government regulation law.
Progressivism
PROGRESSIVISM
Jane Adam ( Subjective Necessity of Social settlement ) 1892
Jane Adam was one of the most influential and indefatigable social reformers in all American History. The Subjective Necessity of Social settlement is also a strong statement of “social gospel”. The settlement is one of means communication. The necessity of settlement was greater in America. Based on her analysis, the early Roman Christian brings the Gospel message to love all men, with a certain joyous simplicity. All the truth is one and all appropriation is it freedom. There should be help each other and respect others whether they are educated or not and all of people has their own strength and weakness. Solidarity should be built between neighbors and the race. The settlement then is regarded as the solution of the social and industrial problem.
Thorstein Veblen (The Theory Of Leisure Class ) 1899
Social society develops changes as its altered situation. Social advance, especially in economic theory consist in continued progressive approach to adjustment of inner relation to outer relation. The leisure class is in great measure sheltered from the stress of those economic exigencies which prevail in any modern, highly organised industrial community. The leisure class is the conservative class. The leisure class is very difficult in accepting the innovation. Conservatism among them is strongly exist and not easy to be changed. The characteristics of the class is whatever is, is right whereas he law of natural selection as applied to human institutions, gives the axiom whatever is, is wrong. Wrong is something that is no relation between the past and the present. Therefore, the leisure class is still need improvement way of thinking in accepting the changes of the life based on the development of science and technology.
Wendell Holmes (Natural Law) 1918
We have to fight if only we want to live longer. The fight is only not in the war but the fight in all aspect of life. We supposed do the good thing as we want that natural and universe would treat us. We only a part of universe that we cannot change the world but we can change started from our individual self. The natural law will exist without suspect by the power of the nature. The universe has its more than we do understand. The power and its sources are unpredictable.
Reinhold Neibuhr ( The Children of Light and the Children Of Darkness ) 1944
The children of the world or the children of the darkness are who know no law beyond their will and interest. The children of the light are who believe that self-interest should be brought under the discipline of a higher law. The children of the darkness are evil and children of the light are good it is because of their attitude toward the law. The children of the light should have the wisdom of the children of the dark in order to shape the interest, the will and also for the better society of social justice.
Jane Adam ( Subjective Necessity of Social settlement ) 1892
Jane Adam was one of the most influential and indefatigable social reformers in all American History. The Subjective Necessity of Social settlement is also a strong statement of “social gospel”. The settlement is one of means communication. The necessity of settlement was greater in America. Based on her analysis, the early Roman Christian brings the Gospel message to love all men, with a certain joyous simplicity. All the truth is one and all appropriation is it freedom. There should be help each other and respect others whether they are educated or not and all of people has their own strength and weakness. Solidarity should be built between neighbors and the race. The settlement then is regarded as the solution of the social and industrial problem.
Thorstein Veblen (The Theory Of Leisure Class ) 1899
Social society develops changes as its altered situation. Social advance, especially in economic theory consist in continued progressive approach to adjustment of inner relation to outer relation. The leisure class is in great measure sheltered from the stress of those economic exigencies which prevail in any modern, highly organised industrial community. The leisure class is the conservative class. The leisure class is very difficult in accepting the innovation. Conservatism among them is strongly exist and not easy to be changed. The characteristics of the class is whatever is, is right whereas he law of natural selection as applied to human institutions, gives the axiom whatever is, is wrong. Wrong is something that is no relation between the past and the present. Therefore, the leisure class is still need improvement way of thinking in accepting the changes of the life based on the development of science and technology.
Wendell Holmes (Natural Law) 1918
We have to fight if only we want to live longer. The fight is only not in the war but the fight in all aspect of life. We supposed do the good thing as we want that natural and universe would treat us. We only a part of universe that we cannot change the world but we can change started from our individual self. The natural law will exist without suspect by the power of the nature. The universe has its more than we do understand. The power and its sources are unpredictable.
Reinhold Neibuhr ( The Children of Light and the Children Of Darkness ) 1944
The children of the world or the children of the darkness are who know no law beyond their will and interest. The children of the light are who believe that self-interest should be brought under the discipline of a higher law. The children of the darkness are evil and children of the light are good it is because of their attitude toward the law. The children of the light should have the wisdom of the children of the dark in order to shape the interest, the will and also for the better society of social justice.
What is American (Frances Trollope 1780 – 1863)
What is American (Frances Trollope 1780 – 1863)
Frances Trollope is a novelist and miscellaneous writer. She was born at Stapleton near Bristol. She married in 1809 Thomas, a querulous lawyer, who fell into financial misfortune. She then in 1827 went with her family to Cincinnati, where the efforts which she made to survive were unsuccessful for two years. Her one hope was to make a book out of her experiences. On her return to England, however, she brought herself into notice by publishing Domestic Manners of the Americans (1832), in which she gave a very unfavorable and grossly exaggerated account of the subject. The mocking by contemporary European travelers about American proud and vulgarity, such as Trollope's notorious critique of the Domestic Manners of the Americans, hurt domestic readers because, however overdrawn, they could not be easily dismissed. Many foreign visitors believed, Trollope among them, that American egalitarianism simply fomented a culture of crude familiarity and rudeness, particularly at the dining table.
Domestics Manner of the Americans tells us about how actually the manner of American people. They should behave politely in daily activities. Especially in dining table. They should not behave in such manner. Respecting the dinner, the people and also the menu would pleased them and more comfort in spending the dinner time. They spend their menu by using the blade of knife until the whole blade seemed to enter into the mouth. Seeing the idea that is written in Domestics Manner of the Americans actually it is not only criticize the dinning table but also the manner of Americans people in daily life. As she said at the Domestics Manner of the Americans “ I don’t like them. I do not like their principle, I do not like their manner, I do not like their opinion”. She announced that The American exhibited a total want of manners, both in males and females. They were inquisitive, boring, uncultivated, uncouth, humorless and self- satisfied. The American behavior in How they treat others people is still questioning. Some of them do not give the totally rights as human being. They still differentiate between man and women even white and black and also the rights of slave and Indian. Therefore it is a great way to steal the attention of Americans people to start thinking about their manner to be good manner.
Besides Domestics Manner of the Americans , she also write a novel, The Refugee in America (1832), pursued it on similar lines. Next came the three novels The Adventures of Jonathan Jefferson Whitlaw; or Scene on the Mississippi (1836), The Barnabus in America (1843), and The Old world and The New: a Novel (1849). Thereafter she continued to pour forth novels and books on miscellaneous subjects, writing in all over 100 volumes. Though possessed of considerable powers of observation and a sharp and caustic wit, such an output was fatal to permanent literary success, and none of her books are now read. She spent the last 20 years of her life at Florence, then she died in 1863.
Frances Trollope is a novelist and miscellaneous writer. She was born at Stapleton near Bristol. She married in 1809 Thomas, a querulous lawyer, who fell into financial misfortune. She then in 1827 went with her family to Cincinnati, where the efforts which she made to survive were unsuccessful for two years. Her one hope was to make a book out of her experiences. On her return to England, however, she brought herself into notice by publishing Domestic Manners of the Americans (1832), in which she gave a very unfavorable and grossly exaggerated account of the subject. The mocking by contemporary European travelers about American proud and vulgarity, such as Trollope's notorious critique of the Domestic Manners of the Americans, hurt domestic readers because, however overdrawn, they could not be easily dismissed. Many foreign visitors believed, Trollope among them, that American egalitarianism simply fomented a culture of crude familiarity and rudeness, particularly at the dining table.
Domestics Manner of the Americans tells us about how actually the manner of American people. They should behave politely in daily activities. Especially in dining table. They should not behave in such manner. Respecting the dinner, the people and also the menu would pleased them and more comfort in spending the dinner time. They spend their menu by using the blade of knife until the whole blade seemed to enter into the mouth. Seeing the idea that is written in Domestics Manner of the Americans actually it is not only criticize the dinning table but also the manner of Americans people in daily life. As she said at the Domestics Manner of the Americans “ I don’t like them. I do not like their principle, I do not like their manner, I do not like their opinion”. She announced that The American exhibited a total want of manners, both in males and females. They were inquisitive, boring, uncultivated, uncouth, humorless and self- satisfied. The American behavior in How they treat others people is still questioning. Some of them do not give the totally rights as human being. They still differentiate between man and women even white and black and also the rights of slave and Indian. Therefore it is a great way to steal the attention of Americans people to start thinking about their manner to be good manner.
Besides Domestics Manner of the Americans , she also write a novel, The Refugee in America (1832), pursued it on similar lines. Next came the three novels The Adventures of Jonathan Jefferson Whitlaw; or Scene on the Mississippi (1836), The Barnabus in America (1843), and The Old world and The New: a Novel (1849). Thereafter she continued to pour forth novels and books on miscellaneous subjects, writing in all over 100 volumes. Though possessed of considerable powers of observation and a sharp and caustic wit, such an output was fatal to permanent literary success, and none of her books are now read. She spent the last 20 years of her life at Florence, then she died in 1863.
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